Neither side gained much support, and the once-feared dictator known as 'Baby Doc' spent his late years in relative obscurity in the leafy hills above the Haitian capital.ĭuvalier was the son of Francois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier, a medical doctor-turned-dictator who promoted 'Noirisme,' a movement that sought to highlight Haiti's African roots over its European ones while uniting the black majority against a mulatto elite in a country divided by class and color. Reynold George said the 63-year-old ex-leader died at his home.ĭuvalier, looking somewhat frail, made a surprise return to Haiti in 2011, allowing victims of his regime to pursue legal claims against him and prompting some old allies to rally around him. 'Tories' often is used as a synonym but refers in the eighteenth-c… Revolution, A sudden, tumultuous, and radical transformation of an entire system of government, including its legal and political components.PORT-AU-PRINCE, HAITI - Jean-Claude-Duvalier, the self-proclaimed 'president for life' of Haiti whose corrupt and brutal regime sparked a popular uprising that sent him into a 25-year exile, died Saturday of a heart attack, his attorney said.

General dissatisfacti… Loyalists, LOYALISTS were colonials who took the British side during the American Revolution. Marquis De Lafayette, Lafayette, Marquis deĪmong the heroes of the Revolutionary… February Revolution, February Revolution, 1848, French revolution that overthrew the monarchy of Louis Philippe and established the Second Republic. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996. From Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour, and National Independence in Haiti. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2005.

Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1995. Heinl, Robert Debs, Nancy Gordon Heinl, and Michael Heinl. The Lost Sentinel of the Republic (1985). Robert Louis Stein, Léger Félicité Sonthonax. Victor Schoelcher, Vie de Toussaint Louverture (1982). Ralph Korngold, Citizen Toussaint (1965). James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, 2d ed.

Theodore Lothrop Stoddard, The French Revolution in San Domingo (1914).Ĭyril L. In 1799 he entered into a power struggle with the black leader and national hero Toussaint Louverture that resulted in Rigaud's defeat and exile to France.

His superiors in Port-au-Prince found him resistant to their direction, but depended heavily on his control over mulattoes and his excellent military skills against the British. At the height of the Haitian Revolution, he was appointed commander in the South, where he reestablished prosperity and gained mulatto support through harsh but effective rule. A mulatto born in Les Cayes, Haiti, and educated in Bordeaux, France, Rigaud trained as a goldsmith and began his military career serving the French during the American Revolution.

Written in Blood by Robert Debs Heinl